Risk factors for variceal bleeding. 1. Portal pressure HVPG >12 mm Hg 2. Varix size and location Large esophageal varices Isolated cluster of varices in fundus of stomach Variceal appearance on endoscopy ("red signs") Red wale marks (longitudinal red streaks on varices) Cherry-red spots (red, discrete, flat spots on varices) Hematocystic spots (red, discrete, raised spots) Diffuse erythema. 3. Degree of liver failure Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis Presence of ascites Tense ascites.
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