Endoscopy of Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Ninety percent of laryngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Smoking, alcohol abuse, lower socioeconomic status, and being male and > 60 yr increase risk. Early diagnosis is common with vocal cord tumors because vocal, swallowing, or respiratory symptoms develop early. However, supraglottic tumors (above the vocal cords) and subglottic tumors (below the vocal cords) are often very large and at an advanced stage when diagnosed because they are asymptomatic until obstructive symptoms develop. Diagnosis is based on laryngoscopy and biopsy. Treatment of early-stage tumors is with surgery or radiation. Advanced-stage tumors are most often treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Surgery is reserved for salvage treatment or lesions with significant extralaryngeal extension or cartilage destruction. Reestablishment of speaking ability is needed if a total laryngectomy is done.
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