Persistent or intractable hiccups are commonly associated with an underlying disease. Hiccups are caused by irritation of visceral afferent fibres of the vagus nerve or by direct irritation of the diaphragm. Various definitions of hiccups can be found in the literature. A consensus is 'the repeated, involuntary, spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory muscles followed by sudden closure of the glottis' The medical term for hiccup – singultus – stems from the Latin word singult, which means catching one's breath while sobbing.
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