Examination of geographic areas of high incidence have identified a number of environmental factors strongly linked to the development of esophageal dysplasia and squamous carcinoma In the United States and Europe alcohol and smoking In China nitrosamine containing foods, fungal contamination of foods and vitamin and essential metal deficiency The only known genetic predisposition occurs in hereditary tylosis, an autosomal dominant symmetrical keratosis of the palms and soles.
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