pulmonology
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis - pathophysiology,...
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause that primarily occurs in older adults. Doctors suspect interstitial lung disease when an adult...
Spirometry: How to Take a Lung Function Test
Spirometry is a test of how well patient can breathe and can help in the diagnosis of different lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The test requires taking in a very...
Understanding Spirometry - Normal, Obstructive...
Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath) is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs). It measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can...
Tuberculosis
Demonstrate a caseating granuloma. Where is the caseating granuloma located with respect to the rest of the granuloma? Could this lymph node stain or culture positive for acid fast bacilli? Does it...
Sarcoidosis
What does the term caseation mean? Is it a gross or microscopic descriptive word? What percentage of this lymph node is occupied by granulomas? Why is it commonly said that the granulomas of sarcoid...
Pleura - Adhesion
Can you separate visceral from parietal pleura in this section, even with a microscope? Can the terms adhesion and fibrosis, more or less, also be used interchangeably? Draw a line delineating the...
Organizing Pneumonia
Why is this called organizing? What are the common cells and structures seen in organizing inflammation in ANY part of the body? Can the terms organizing inflammation and granulation tissue be used...
Lung - Healed Granuloma
Why is this called healed? If this was active TB years ago, and it is now called healed, might you still expect to culture acid fast organisms from here? Can the terms fibrosis and scarring be used...
Bronchopneumonia With Micro-Abscesses
What is a microabscess defined as? Delineate an alveolus jam packed with neutrophils
Sarcoidosis
What is a classical profile with somebody with sarcoid? Why do may people, erroneously, regard sarcoidosis as granulomas in which no organisms can be cultured? Demonstrate a classical granuloma. What...
Empyema With Organized Granulation Tissue
What is the definition of empyema? Why might the term organized granulation tissue be redundant? Why might empyema and granulation be oxymoronic? Demonstrate fibrin. Demonstrate neutrophils. Demonstrate...
Early Pneumonia
Why might this be called the early stage of inflammation? Demonstrate at least two reasons why.
Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosis
Show a thickened interstitium next to a more normal thickness interstitium? Is this a non-specific finding in many chronic lung disease states? Name some common things which this might be associated...