Typical pseudomembranes adherent to the colonic mucosa in antibiotic-associated colitis. The illness occurs after a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which permit overgrowth of the bacteria Clostridium difficile. C. difficile multiplies within the gut when other bowel flora are suppressed by antibiotic treatment. It produces two toxins: toxin A is an enterotoxin and cytotoxin that binds to cell surface receptors and disrupts cytoplasmic microfilaments, while toxin B is cytotoxic and enters the damaged mucosa and produces further cell damage. Both toxins stimulate leucocyte migration and inflammatory mediator production contributing to mucosal inflammation
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